Begin the citation with the author(s).The following lines for the same citation will be flush left.
Indent the first line of each citation half an inch.Begin the citation with the appropriate number in regular font or in superscript, followed by a period.
The general formatting of a citation is the same for both footnotes and endnotes, depending on which you choose. Endnotes list all citations at the end of the document. 1 Footnotes and Endnotesįootnotes list citations at the bottom of the page for information cited on that page. The Titanic sank on her maiden voyage after hitting an iceberg on April 14, 1912. Within your text, place superscript numbers at the end of the clause or sentence and after all punctuation, including commas, periods, and quotation marks. You will use each superscript number only once. SuperscriptsĬhicago uses superscript numbers ( 1, 2, 3) within the text to guide readers to the citation in either a footnote or endnote. You will also cite all sources from the text in a Bibliography at the end of the document.
When using Chicago's Notes and Bibliography (NB) system, you will use superscripts within the text to refer to citations in the footnotes or endnotes. This handout describes the Notes and Bibliography system, which is commonly used in history and the humanities. Footnote numbers should not follow dashes ( - ), and if they appear in a sentence in parentheses, the footnote number should be inserted within the parentheses.Chicago Style has two systems for citation: (1) Notes and Bibliography or (2) Author-Date. When using either type of footnote, insert a number formatted in superscript following almost any punctuation mark. However, if explanatory notes still prove necessary to your document, APA details the use of two types of footnotes: content and copyright. The equivalent APA 7 page can be found here.ĪPA does not recommend the use of footnotes and endnotes because they are often expensive for publishers to reproduce. It will remain online until 2021, but will not be updated. Note: This page reflects APA 6, which is now out of date. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (6 th ed., 2 nd printing). This resource, revised according to the 6 th edition, second printing of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences.
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